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1. Intangiriro
Gushongesha umuringa hakoreshejwe pyrometallurgiska bikomeje kuba inzira nyamukuru yo gukora umuringa watunganyijwe mbere, bingana na 80% by'ubushobozi bw'isi yose. Iyi nzira ihindura umuringa wa sulfide (cyane cyane chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂) mo umuringa wa cathode ufite purity nyinshi (≥99.99% Cu) binyuze mu bikorwa by'ibyuma bikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyi ngingo isobanura neza urupapuro rw'imiyoboro ihuriweho igizwe no gushongesha umuringa, guhindura, gutunganya anode, no gutunganya amashanyarazi.
2. Gutegura no kuvanga ibintu bivanze
Ibirungo by'umuringa (25-35% bya Cu) bigezwa mu bwato bunini kandi bibikwa mu bubiko butwikiriye. Ubusanzwe ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 8-12% kandi bugomba kugabanywa kugeza kuri ≤0.3% hakoreshejwe amatanura azunguruka cyangwa ibyuma byumisha amazi kugira ngo hirindwe guturika no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi mu gushongesha amazi mu mazi.
Ingufu yumye ivangwa n'amazi (quartz, limestone), isubira inyuma, na converter slag mu rugero rugenzuwe neza. Ibimera bigezweho bikoresha ibyuma byikora bya disiki na sisitemu y'uturemangingo tw'umutwaro bigeraho bivangwa neza mu buryo buri hagati ya ± 0.5%.
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3. Gushonga bikabije
Gushongesha ibintu hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushya ni ikoranabuhanga rigezweho cyane mu kuvura ibyuma bivanze na sulfide y'umuringa, rigaragazwa ku isi yose n'ibikoresho bishyushya bya Outotec (ubu ni Metso) n'ibikoresho bishyushya umwuka wa ogisijeni byakozwe n'Abashinwa.
3.1 Ihame ry'Inzira
Ingufu yumye ishyirwa mu mwuka ushyushye kandi urimo ogisijeni (ikigero cya ogisijeni 75-90%) kuri 850-950°C. Ingufu (kumisha, ogisijeni, slag no gushingwa kwa matte) zirangira mu masegonda 3-5, ubushyuhe bw'ingufu bukomeza imikorere y'ubushyuhe. Ingufu z'ingenzi zirimo: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Ibikoresho by'ingenzi
- Umuyoboro w'igisubizo: uburebure bwa metero 11-14, umurambararo wa metero 7-9, utwikiriwe n'amatafari ya magnesite-chrome yo mu rwego rwo hejuru n'amakoti y'amazi y'umuringa.
- Umuyoboro ufata n'uwo ufata: gutandukanya imbaraga za matte (65-75% Cu) na slag.
- Boiler ishyushya imyanda: igarura ubushyuhe buhagije kuva kuri ~550°C hanze ya gaze kugira ngo ikore umwuka ushyushye.
- Igipimo cya ogisijeni ku gipimo cya concentration: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t concentrate yumye
- Ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro w'ikirahure: 1250-1300°C
- Ubushyuhe bwa Matte: 1180-1220°C
- Igipimo cya Slag Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, umuringa muri slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Ibipimo by'Igenzura ry'Ibintu by'ingenzi
Ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ifuru imwe gusa bugera kuri 4000-5500 t/d concentrate ifite ubushobozi bwo gushyuha >98% kandi hafi 100% SO₂ ifatwa.
4. Guhindura
Matte yoherezwa binyuze mu byuma byo kumesa imyenda bishyushye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi cyangwa mu byuma bihindura imyenda bya Peirce-Smith cyangwa mu byuma bihindura ibikoresho bihoraho.
4.1 Icyiciro cyo gukora ibishingwe
Umwuka urimo ogisijeni (25-35% O₂) urahuhwa kugira ngo uhinge sulfide y'icyuma. Ibisigazwa birimo 2-8% bya Cu birakurwamo hanyuma bigasubizwa mu gushonga kwa flash.
4.2 Icyiciro cyo Gukora Umuringa
Gukomeza guhumeka bigabanya Cu₂S mu muringa wa blister (98.5-99.3% Cu) kuri 1180-1230°C.
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1. Gushyiramo Koili y'Umukuru no Gushyiramo Hagati Yikora → Imodoka ya toni 15 z'amazi yo mu bwoko bwa hydraulic coil + servo y'amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa photoelectric EPC, ikosa ryo guhuza umurongo wo hagati < 0.1 mm
2. Gufungura no Gushyiraho Umuvuduko → Feri y'ifu ya magnetic + uburyo bwo kugenzura servo bufunze neza, 50–1500 N ishobora guhindurwa neza
3. Gukata neza → Tungsten carbide cyangwa disiki za PM HSS zitumijwe mu mahanga, spindle runout ≤ 0.002 mm, spacers hasi kugeza kuri ± 0.001 mm, indishyi yo kwangirika mu gihe nyacyo.
4. Gufata neza imigozi → Udupira tw'imigozi twigenga dufite imitwe ibiri; imigozi isubizwa nk'imigozi cyangwa ikaranzwe aho hantu
5. Gusubira inyuma no Gutandukanya imiterere y'umuvuduko → Gutandukanya umuntu ku giti cye n'umugozi umwe, ama-mandrel y'umwuka + uburinzi bw'imfuruka yikora, guhuza isura ≤ ± 0.3 mm
6. Gukata no gupakira byikora → Gukata buhoro buhoro → gupfunyika impapuro → ikirango → gusohora mu masegonda 45
Uburyo bwuzuye bwo gukata Coil y'umuringa mu buryo bwikora
5. Gutunganya umuriro w'ifuru ya Anode
Umuringa w'ibiceri ushyirwa mu itanura rya anode ritajegajega rya toni 50-500 kugira ngo rigabanuke mu buryo bwo kugabanya ogisijeni.
5.1 Icyiciro cyo gukuraho ogisijeni
Amashyiga y'umwuka cyangwa ogisijeni akuraho ibisigazwa bya Fe, Ni, As, Sb, na Bi nk'ibisigazwa biri ku mazi.
5.2 Icyiciro cyo kugabanya
Ogisijeni igabanuka hakoreshejwe gaze karemano, mazutu, cyangwa inkingi z'ibiti kugeza kuri 150-300 ppm. Umuringa utunganyijwe ujugunywa mu anode 300-450 kg (Cu ≥99.0%).
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6.1 Amabwiriza agenga imikorere
- Ubucucike bw'ubu: 220-320 A/m²
- Umuvuduko w'uturemangingo: 0.22-0.32 V
- Ubushyuhe bwa electrolyte: 60-65°C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g / L, ubuntu H₂SO₄: 150-220 g / L.
6.2 Inzira z'amashanyarazi
Gushonga kwa anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Ibintu byinshi byiza (Au, Ag, Se, Te) bitangwa kuri anode slime; ibintu bike byiza byinjira mu gisubizo. Gushyiramo cathode umusaruro ≥99.993% Cu yujuje ibisabwa bya LME Grade A.
7. Gutunganya no kugenzura ibidukikije bitarimo gaze
Imyuka ikungahaye kuri SO₂ iva mu itanura rya flash, converters, na anode irakonjeshwa, igakurwamo ivumbi, hanyuma igatunganywa mu nganda zikora aside ebyiri, bityo ikagarura sulfur ikoresheje >99.8%. Imyuka yo ku murizo SO₂ iri munsi ya 100 mg/Nm³. Arsenic, mercure, n'ibindi byuma biremereye bikurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye.
8. Umwanzuro
Ubuhanga bwo gutunganya umuringa bugezweho bwageze ku musaruro mwiza wo gukomeza gukora, gukora ikoranabuhanga, no kurengera ibidukikije. Ibishushanyo mbonera by’amashanyarazi bihuza umuringa, guhindura umuringa mu buryo buhoraho, no gutunganya amashanyarazi bitanga ingufu zihagije zo kugarura umuringa muri rusange >98.5% n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu rya 280-320 kgce/t, bigaragaza ibipimo ngenderwaho ku rwego rw’isi. Iterambere rikomeje mu kongera umwuka wa ogisijeni, ikoranabuhanga rihoraho ryo gukora umuringa, no kugenzura imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga bizarushaho guteza imbere imikorere myiza no kurambye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-24-2025